A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS)

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Pathology
• Pulmonology

Background:

• Persistent post-COVID syndrome (long COVID) presents significant physical, medical, and cognitive challenges.
• Pathologic fibrosis in organs and vasculature is a key feature, increasing mortality and reducing quality of life.
• The postdrome phase of COVID-19, leading to long COVID, is under-researched compared to earlier disease stages.

Purpose of the Study:

• To explore the underlying mechanisms and potential manifestations of persistent post-COVID syndrome.
• To propose a framework for diagnosing and managing long COVID patients.
• To highlight the growing importance of addressing long COVID sequelae.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on post-COVID syndrome.
• Analysis of the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in fibrosis and immunosuppression.
• Framework development for diagnosis and management strategies.

Main Results:

• Persistent immunosuppression and organ fibrosis (pulmonary, cardiac, vascular) are identified sequelae.
• Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is implicated as a potential therapeutic target.
• The review emphasizes the need for focused attention on the post-COVID syndrome's long-term impact.

Conclusions:

• Persistent post-COVID syndrome requires dedicated research and clinical attention.
• Targeting TGF-β may offer a therapeutic strategy for mitigating fibrosis and immunosuppression.
• Effective diagnosis and management frameworks are crucial for supporting COVID-19 survivors.