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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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A double edged-sword - The Complement System during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Lazara Elena Santiesteban-Lores1, Thais Akemi Amamura1, Tiago Francisco da Silva1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Life Sciences
|February 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Complement System

Keywords:
COVID-19Complement SystemComplement inhibitorsInflammationSARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Virology

Background:

  • Coronaviruses like SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 pose significant public health threats, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
  • The Complement System, a key part of innate and acquired immunity, is activated during viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interactions between SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and the Complement System.
  • To highlight the role of C3 in the severity of these coronavirus infections.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing literature on coronavirus-Complement System interactions.
  • Focus on the dual role of the Complement System in different COVID-19 disease severities.

Main Results:

  • The Complement System's role in coronavirus infections is complex and context-dependent.
  • While protective in mild cases, Complement System activation can exacerbate damage and cytokine storms in severe COVID-19.
  • C3 plays a central role in determining infection severity.

Conclusions:

  • The Complement System's dual role in COVID-19 necessitates careful consideration for therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting the Complement System, particularly C3, shows promise as an additional therapy for severe COVID-19.
  • Further research into Complement inhibitors is crucial for managing severe coronavirus infections.