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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Longitudinal Research02:20

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Related Experiment Video

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Tracking second language immersion across time: Evidence from a bi-directional longitudinal cross-linguistic fMRI

Henry Brice1, Stephen J Frost2, Atira Sara Bick3

  • 1The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

Neuropsychologia
|February 21, 2021
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Second language immersion dynamically reshapes the adult brain's first language (L1) processing, while second language (L2) brain activation shows minimal change. Print and speech processing converge across languages.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Second language acquisition (SLA) research often focuses on behavioral changes, with less understanding of neural processing shifts.
  • The neurobiological basis of language processing in adults, particularly the plasticity of the first language (L1) during second language (L2) immersion, remains an active area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal changes in neural processing of L1 and L2 in adult learners undergoing immersive L2 learning.
  • To examine the impact of L2 immersion on both L1 and L2 brain activation patterns and behavioral measures.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) semantic judgment task using print and speech stimuli.
  • Longitudinal assessment of linguistic and cognitive behavioral measures before and after two years of L2 immersion.
  • Comparison of brain activation patterns between Hebrew speakers learning English and English speakers learning Hebrew.

Main Results:

  • fMRI revealed similar brain activation networks for print stimuli in both L1 and L2, regardless of language.
  • Significant convergence of print and speech processing was observed in left-hemisphere regions for both L1 and L2.
  • Despite behavioral improvements in L2 proficiency, limited longitudinal changes in L2 brain activation were detected; however, L1 processing showed widespread changes over time.

Conclusions:

  • Adult L1 neurobiological processing is dynamic and plastic, influenced by L2 immersion.
  • L2 immersion impacts L1 processing, suggesting a complex interplay between native and non-native language neural networks.
  • Print/speech convergence appears to be a stable marker differentiating L1 and L2 processing, showing minimal longitudinal change.