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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Groupthink01:34

Groupthink

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When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
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In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Introducing Social Perception01:29

Introducing Social Perception

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Perceiving others accurately is fundamental to effective communication and relationship-building. Social perception, a key concept in social psychology, refers to the cognitive processes through which individuals gather and interpret information about others to understand their actions, intentions, and motivations. This process extends beyond spoken words and overt behaviors, incorporating subtle nonverbal cues and contextual factors.Nonverbal Cues and Their SignificanceNonverbal cues play a...
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Routes of Persuasion02:20

Routes of Persuasion

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Persuasion is the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication. Much of the persuasion we experience comes from outside forces. How do people convince others to change their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors? What communications do you receive that attempt to persuade you to change your attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Understanding and combating misperceived polarization.

Jeffrey Lees1, Mina Cikara2

  • 1Department of Economics, Clemson University, Wilbur O. and Ann Powers Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|February 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Political polarization is often exaggerated due to inaccurate perceptions of opposing views, fueling intergroup conflict. Correcting these meta-perceptions can reduce conflict and improve democratic trust.

Keywords:
intergroup relationsmeta-perceptionpolarizationpoliticssocial psychology

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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Social Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Rising political polarization poses significant threats to democratic institutions and public trust.
  • False polarization research indicates that perceptions of opposing political groups' beliefs are often inaccurate and overly negative.
  • These inaccurate perceptions can intensify intergroup conflict and animosity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a typology distinguishing between actual and perceived polarization.
  • To identify conditions under which misperceived polarization leads to extreme attitudes and prejudice.
  • To explore meta-perception (judgments of how one is perceived by others) as a target for interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on political polarization.
  • Reanalysis of previously published data to distinguish between actual and perceived polarization.
  • Examination of psychological mechanisms underlying meta-perception and its accuracy.

Main Results:

  • A clear distinction was established between actual and misperceived polarization.
  • Conditions were identified where inaccurate perceptions of the 'other side' contribute to real polarization.
  • Evidence suggests correcting meta-perception inaccuracies effectively reduces intergroup conflict.

Conclusions:

  • Meta-perception offers a promising avenue for interventions aimed at mitigating political polarization.
  • The reputational aspect of meta-perception can motivate individuals to engage with accurate information about opposing groups.
  • Integrating these findings can enhance our understanding of polarization's detrimental effects on democracy.