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Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Published on: September 20, 2024

Long-Lasting Desynchronization of Plastic Neural Networks by Random Reset Stimulation.

Ali Khaledi-Nasab¹, Justus A Kromer¹, Peter A Tass¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Physiology

|February 22, 2021

Summary

Random Reset (RR) stimulation offers long-lasting desynchronization for neurological disorders. This new L/M-RR protocol effectively uses segmented electrodes, even with low spatial resolution, for improved deep brain stimulation therapies.

Keywords:

desynchronization long-lasting effects random reset stimulation segmented electrodes spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP)

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Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

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Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks

Published on: March 2, 2015

Area of Science:

Computational Neuroscience
Neurotechnology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Excessive neuronal synchrony is characteristic of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease.
High-frequency (HF) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used for Parkinson's, but its effects are temporary.
Current Random Reset (RR) stimulation requires high spatial resolution, posing challenges for DBS implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a novel RR stimulation protocol (L/M-RR) suitable for current DBS technology.
To investigate the efficacy of L/M-RR stimulation in desynchronizing neural networks with limited spatial resolution.
To analyze the impact of stimulation frequency and amplitude on synaptic plasticity and desynchronization.

Main Methods:

Theoretical and computational analysis of excitatory integrate-and-fire neuron networks.
Simulation of L/M-RR stimulation, where stimuli are delivered to L randomly selected sites out of M total sites.
Investigation of spike-timing dependent plasticity under varying stimulation parameters (frequency, amplitude, spatial resolution).

Main Results:

L/M-RR stimulation achieves parameter-robust decoupling and long-lasting desynchronization.
Low and high frequency L/M-RR stimulation have qualitatively different effects on synaptic weights, with intermediate frequencies being most efficient.
L/M-RR stimulation performance is robust to low spatial resolution and even improves at low amplitudes with lower resolution.

Conclusions:

L/M-RR stimulation offers a viable strategy for achieving long-lasting neural desynchronization using current segmented DBS electrodes.
The protocol's effectiveness is independent of high spatial resolution, making it adaptable to existing DBS technology.
This approach holds promise for developing more effective and enduring treatments for neurological disorders characterized by excessive neuronal synchrony.