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Related Concept Videos

Tongue01:01

Tongue

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The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
Anatomical Position in the Oral Cavity
The tongue is located within the oral cavity, also known as the mouth. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane called the...
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Assessment of the Mouth01:26

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

The Tongue and Taste Buds

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Fabrication of Tongue Extracellular Matrix and Reconstitution of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro
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Tongue Hematoma With Necrosis.

Jerina Nogueira1, Ana Rita Parente1, André Mendes1

  • 1Internal Medicine Department, Unidade Local de Saúde do Norte Alentejano - Hospital Dr. José Maria Grande, Portalegre, PRT.

Cureus
|February 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Spontaneous tongue hematoma is a rare warfarin side effect, potentially worsened by drug interactions. Close monitoring of international normalized ratio (INR) is crucial, especially when adding new medications.

Keywords:
adverse side effectclarithromycinmiconazoletongue hematomatongue necrosiswarfarin

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Oral Surgery

Background:

  • Warfarin, a common anticoagulant, carries risks of bleeding, especially with drug interactions.
  • Drug-drug interactions can elevate the international normalized ratio (INR), increasing bleeding risk.
  • Spontaneous tongue hematoma is a rare but serious adverse effect of warfarin therapy.

Observation:

  • An elderly female on warfarin presented with dysphagia and spontaneous oral bleeding.
  • Examination revealed a tongue hematoma and necrosis.
  • The patient had recently started topical miconazole and clarithromycin for oral candidiasis.

Findings:

  • The patient's symptoms were attributed to a spontaneous tongue hematoma.
  • The concurrent use of topical miconazole and clarithromycin likely contributed to elevated INR.
  • Supportive care with vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and aminocaproic acid facilitated recovery.

Implications:

  • Highlights the risk of spontaneous tongue hematoma with warfarin, exacerbated by drug interactions.
  • Emphasizes the need for close INR monitoring when warfarin is co-administered with interacting medications.
  • Suggests considering direct oral anticoagulants as alternatives to warfarin when contraindications are absent.