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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
Published on: February 3, 2021
Pui Sha Victoria Ling1, Anders Hagfeldt2, Sandy Sanchez3
1Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London; Laboratory of Photomolecular Science (LSPM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).
Flash infrared annealing (FIRA) offers a rapid, antisolvent-free method for producing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. This technique overcomes limitations of spin-coating and toxic solvents for industrial-scale solar cell manufacturing.
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