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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing.

Pui Sha Victoria Ling1, Anders Hagfeldt2, Sandy Sanchez3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London; Laboratory of Photomolecular Science (LSPM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|February 22, 2021
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Summary

Flash infrared annealing (FIRA) offers a rapid, antisolvent-free method for producing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. This technique overcomes limitations of spin-coating and toxic solvents for industrial-scale solar cell manufacturing.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Organic-inorganic perovskites show promise for next-generation solar cells.
  • Current methods like spin-coating and antisolvent processing face challenges in scalability and environmental impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate flash infrared annealing (FIRA) as an alternative method for perovskite film synthesis.
  • To address the limitations of current perovskite solar cell fabrication techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a flash infrared annealing (FIRA) process using near-infrared halogen lamps (3,000 kW/m²).
  • Employed a water-cooled aluminum body for effective thermal management.
  • Utilized a rapid annealing time of less than 2 seconds.

Main Results:

  • Achieved highly crystalline perovskite films.
  • Demonstrated solar cell efficiencies exceeding 20%.
  • Confirmed the process is antisolvent-free and rapid.

Conclusions:

  • FIRA is a viable, scalable, and environmentally friendly alternative for perovskite solar cell fabrication.
  • The method's adaptability to continuous processing presents significant industrial potential.
  • FIRA enables rapid, high-efficiency perovskite film synthesis without toxic solvents.