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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Extrahepatic Bile Duct and Gall Bladder Dissection in Nine-Day-Old Mouse Neonates
Published on: August 23, 2022
Bile formation and secretion: An update
James Lorenzen Boyer1, Carol Jean Soroka1
1Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Abstract:
Bile formation is a fundamental physiological process that is vital to the survival of all vertebrates. However, little was known about the mechanisms of this secretion until after World War II. Initial studies involved classic physiologic studies in animal models and humans, which progressed to include studies in isolated cells and membrane vesicles. The advent of molecular biology then led to the identification of specific transport systems that are the determinants of this secretion. Progress in this field was reviewed in the American Physiologic Society's series on "Comprehensive Physiology" in 2013. Herein, we provide an in-depth update of progress since that time.
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