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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

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Direct cell reprogramming: approaches, mechanisms and progress.

Haofei Wang1,2, Yuchen Yang1,2, Jiandong Liu1,2

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|February 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct reprogramming converts somatic cells to new types without pluripotency, offering therapeutic potential. This review covers its evolution, maturation, in vivo challenges, and molecular mechanisms.

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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming reshapes understanding of cell identity and fate.
  • Direct reprogramming (transdifferentiation) bypasses pluripotency for cell conversion.
  • Increasing cell types generated via direct reprogramming offers therapeutic promise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of direct reprogramming methods.
  • To discuss advances in reprogrammed cell maturation and in vivo applications.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms and single-cell omics insights into direct reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Evolution from transcription factor-based to small-molecule-driven approaches.
  • Analysis of progress in enhancing reprogrammed cell maturation.
  • Examination of challenges in in vivo direct reprogramming for translational medicine.

Main Results:

  • Direct reprogramming has advanced from transcription factors to small molecules.
  • Progress has been made in maturing reprogrammed cells for therapeutic use.
  • Single-cell omics studies provide novel insights into reprogramming mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Direct reprogramming is a rapidly advancing field with significant therapeutic potential.
  • Understanding molecular mechanisms, including epigenetics and metabolism, is crucial.
  • Overcoming in vivo challenges is key for future translational applications.