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Related Concept Videos

Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

253
Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
608
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

756
Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
756
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

37.3K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

41.9K
Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance
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Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: January 3, 2012

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Toxins, mutations and adaptations.

Maarten De Jong1, Neal M Alto1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.

Elife
|February 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial toxins, used to eliminate rivals, can also drive mutations. These genetic changes enable toxin-resistant bacteria to adapt and survive in new environments.

Keywords:
BurkholderiaE. colibacterial warfareevolutiongeneticsgenomicsinfectious diseasemicrobiologytype VI secretion system

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Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bacteria produce toxins to compete with other microbial species.
  • Bacterial toxins can influence the genetic makeup of competing populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dual role of bacterial toxins in interspecies competition and adaptation.
  • To explore how toxins induce mutations that facilitate bacterial evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing toxin-mediated mutagenesis in bacterial populations.
  • Assessing the adaptive potential of toxin-resistant mutants in novel environments.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial toxins were found to be mutagenic, inducing genetic alterations.
  • Toxin-induced mutations conferred resistance and enhanced survival in new ecological niches.
  • This highlights a mechanism for rapid bacterial adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial toxins serve a dual purpose: interspecies warfare and driving evolutionary adaptation.
  • Mutations generated by toxins are key to bacterial survival and diversification.
  • Understanding this process is crucial for fields like medicine and ecology.