Atomic Force Extrema Induced by the Bending of a CO-Functionalized Probe

The control and observation of reactants forming a chemical bond at the single-molecule level is a long-standing challenge in quantum physics and chemistry. Using a single CO molecule adsorbed at the apex of an atomic force microscope tip together with a Cu(111) surface, bending of the molecular probe is induced by torques due to van der Waals attraction and Pauli repulsion. As a result, the vertical force between CO and Cu(111) exhibits a characteristic dip-hump evolution with the molecule-surface separation, which depends sensitively on the initial tilt angle the CO axis encloses with the surface normal. The experimental force data are reproduced by model calculations that consider the CO deflection in a harmonic potential and the molecular orientation in the Pauli repulsion term of the Lennard-Jones potential. The presented findings shed new light on vertical-force extrema that can occur in scanning probe experiments with functionalized tips.