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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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Sulpiride Serves, a Substrate for the Gut Microbiome.

Imran Mukhtar1, Haseeb Anwar1, Osman Asghar Mirza2

  • 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Dose-Response : a Publication of International Hormesis Society
|February 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome absorbs the drug sulpiride in rats, with peak absorption occurring 4 hours after oral administration. This highlights the microbiome

Keywords:
gut microbiomemicrobial lysatemicrobial mass pelletsulpiride

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Metabolism

Background:

  • The intestinal microbiome is increasingly recognized as a functional organ.
  • Gut microbes possess drug transporters homologous to host intestinal transporters.
  • This suggests the microbiome can influence drug absorption and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the absorption of sulpiride by the gut microbiome in an in vivo rat model.
  • To determine the time course of sulpiride absorption by gut microbes.
  • To explore the role of microbial drug transporters in drug absorption.

Main Methods:

  • Oral administration of sulpiride (20mg/kg) to albino rats.
  • Collection of gut microbial mass pellets at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours post-administration.
  • Quantification of sulpiride in microbial lysates using RP-HPLC-UV.

Main Results:

  • Sulpiride absorption by the gut microbiome was significantly higher at 4 hours post-administration.
  • Both total and per-milligram microbial absorption of sulpiride peaked at 4 hours.
  • Absorption levels were significantly different compared to other time points.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome actively absorbs orally administered sulpiride in vivo.
  • Peak sulpiride absorption by gut microbes occurs at 4 hours post-administration.
  • Structural homology of transporters likely mediates drug absorption by gut microbes.