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Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

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Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.

Alexandra N Gewirtz¹, Virginia Gao², Sarah C Parauda²

¹Department of Neurology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA. ang9221@nyp.org.

Current Pain and Headache Reports

|February 25, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) presents with headache, seizures, and encephalopathy. COVID-19 is a risk factor, and treatment involves addressing the underlying cause.

Keywords:

Headache Hypertensive encephalopathy Immunosuppressive drugs Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome Vasogenic edema

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Radiology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological condition characterized by specific clinical and imaging findings.
Understanding PRES is crucial due to its association with various medical conditions and its potential link to emerging infectious diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an updated review of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), covering its clinical presentation, diagnosis, radiographic features, mechanisms, associations, epidemiology, treatment, and prognosis.
To discuss the potential inclusion of PRES-associated headache as a distinct entity within headache disorder classifications.
To highlight the timely relevance of PRES management in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Methods:

Literature review of clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies for PRES.
Analysis of epidemiological data and associations, including recent findings related to COVID-19.
Discussion of pathophysiological mechanisms, focusing on disordered autoregulation and endothelial dysfunction.

Main Results:

PRES manifests with headache, seizures, encephalopathy, visual disturbances, and focal neurological deficits.
Identified associations include renal failure, preeclampsia/eclampsia, autoimmune conditions, and immunosuppression.
COVID-19 is a significant risk factor, with a prevalence of 1-4% in infected patients undergoing neuroimaging.

Conclusions:

PRES is a neuro-clinical syndrome with distinct imaging findings, often affecting the posterior circulation.
Treatment primarily involves managing the underlying cause and removing offending agents.
Further consideration is needed for classifying PRES-associated headache.