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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Physiology
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • The human gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms.
  • Limited data exists on the association between physical activity and gut microbiome health.
  • This review synthesizes current research on active lifestyles and human microbiota composition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize human studies comparing the gut microbiome of individuals with varying physical activity levels.
  • To identify changes in gut microbiota composition associated with different amounts of physical activity.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across Medline/Ovid, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete (August-October 2020).
  • Inclusion criteria focused on cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of healthy adults comparing gut microbiomes based on physical activity levels.
  • Studies involving diet modifications or specific health conditions were excluded; risk of bias was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Seventeen articles (10 cross-sectional, 7 longitudinal) met the inclusion criteria.
  • Longitudinal studies indicated significant variations in gut microbiome outcomes related to physical activity levels.
  • Discrete alterations in microbial diversity indexes and the relative abundance of specific bacteria were observed in active individuals.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome composition shows variations linked to physical activity levels.
  • Future research should integrate diverse methodologies, including sleep and dietary patterns, to explore the gut microbiota's adaptation to physical activity.
  • Investigating underrepresented microbial groups like viruses and archaea may enhance understanding of physical activity's metabolic and endurance benefits.