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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis
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Microplastic particles in the aquatic environment: A systematic review.

Mohammad Boshir Ahmed1, Md Saifur Rahman2, Jahangir Alom3

  • 1School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.

The Science of the Total Environment
|February 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a severe environmental issue. This review covers MP sources, analysis methods like Py-GC-MS, interactions with contaminants, and removal technologies, highlighting hybrid systems for highest efficacy.

Keywords:
Biological processChemical technologyContaminant interactionsMicroplastics analysisPhysical treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Microplastic (MP) pollution poses a significant global environmental challenge due to its persistence and adverse effects on organisms.
  • MPs originate from diverse sources including personal care products, synthetic textiles, industrial processes, and wastewater treatment plants.
  • The interaction of MPs with various environmental contaminants like heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants is a growing concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of microplastics in the aquatic environment.
  • To identify major sources and effective analytical techniques for microplastic identification and quantification.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of various physical, chemical, and hybrid treatment technologies for microplastic removal.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microplastic pollution, sources, analytical methods, and removal technologies.
  • Analysis of microplastic identification and quantification techniques including pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), Py-MS, Raman spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy.
  • Comparative assessment of physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid treatment processes for microplastic removal efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Key sources of MPs identified include personal care products, synthetic clothing, industrial activities, and wastewater treatment plants.
  • Promising analytical methods for MP analysis are Py-GC-MS, Py-MS, Raman spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy.
  • Physical and biological treatments show varying removal efficiencies, with membrane bioreactors being highly effective (>99%). Chemical and hybrid treatments also demonstrate significant to high MP removal efficacy, with hybrid systems achieving the highest rates.

Conclusions:

  • Microplastic pollution requires urgent attention due to its widespread presence and ecological impact.
  • Advanced analytical techniques are crucial for accurate detection and quantification of MPs in aquatic environments.
  • Hybrid treatment technologies offer the most promising solutions for effective microplastic removal, warranting further research and development.