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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

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Two cases of rare thyroid malignancy-case report.

Xianfeng Wei1,2,3,4,5, Peng Lin1,2,3,4,5, Shengchi Zhang1,2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.

Gland Surgery
|February 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study presents two rare thyroid cancer cases: angiosarcoma and myoepithelial carcinoma (MC). These findings highlight the importance of considering these rare malignancies in thyroid cancer diagnosis.

Keywords:
Thyroid glandangiosarcomacase reportmyoepithelial carcinoma (MC)thyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid angiosarcoma (TAS) is exceptionally rare, accounting for less than 1% of thyroid cancers globally.
  • Myoepithelial carcinoma (MC) typically arises in salivary glands and has not been previously reported in the thyroid.

Observation:

  • Case 1: A 59-year-old patient with a thyroid nodule developed tumor thrombus in the jugular vein and thyroid artery. Diagnosis of TAS confirmed by endothelial markers post-thyroidectomy.
  • Case 2: A 55-year-old woman presented with a thyroid nodule, diagnosed with papillary carcinoma and adjacent MC. Recurrent MC was noted five years later.

Findings:

  • Angiosarcoma diagnosis was confirmed via positive endothelial markers (thrombomodulin, CD31).
  • Myoepithelial carcinoma presented as a primary thyroid malignancy with regional metastasis and recurrence.

Implications:

  • These cases underscore the necessity of including angiosarcoma and myoepithelial carcinoma in the differential diagnosis for thyroid malignancies.
  • Early recognition and consideration of rare thyroid tumors are crucial for appropriate patient management and outcomes.