Underwater Time-Gated Standoff Raman Sensor for In Situ Chemical Sensing

We describe the fabrication of an underwater time-gated standoff Raman sensor, consisting of a custom Raman spectrometer, custom scanner, and commercial diode-pumped pulsed 532 nm laser all located inside a pressure housing. The Raman sensor was tested in the laboratory with samples in air, a tank containing tap water and seawater, and in the coastal Hawaiian harbor. We demonstrate our new system by presenting standoff Raman spectra of some of the chemicals used in homemade explosive devices and improvised explosive devices, including sulfur, nitrates, chlorates, and perchlorates up to a distance of ∼6 m in seawater and tap water. Finally, the Raman spectra of these hazardous chemicals sealed inside plastic containers submersed in the Hawaiian Harbor water are also presented.