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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

Preventing Bone Stress Injuries in Runners with Optimal Workload.

Stuart J Warden^1,2,3, W Brent Edwards^4,5, Richard W Willy⁶

¹Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. stwarden@iu.edu.

Current Osteoporosis Reports

|February 26, 2021

Summary

Bone stress injuries (BSIs) result from excessive bone loading. Optimizing bone workload through careful training progression and monitoring is key to preventing and managing BSIs in athletes.

Keywords:

Exercise Relative energy deficiency in sport Running Stress fracture Stress reaction

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Last Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Influence of Step-Width Manipulation on Running Biomechanics

Influence of Step-Width Manipulation on Running Biomechanics

Published on: February 28, 2025

Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Orthopedics
Exercise Physiology

Background:

Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are common in athletes, particularly runners, and disrupt training.
BSIs arise from a mismatch between bone's ability to withstand repetitive loads and the actual training demands.
Optimal bone workload is not fixed but varies based on the athlete's developmental stage and training context.

Purpose of the Study:

To define optimal bone loading parameters for preventing and managing BSIs in athletes.
To differentiate optimal bone workload strategies for prepubertal and mature athletes.
To explore future directions for clinical assessment and prescription of bone loading.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on bone adaptation and injury.
Analysis of bone loading principles in relation to training variables (volume, intensity, frequency).
Discussion of monitoring strategies and potential future clinical tools for bone load assessment.

Main Results:

Optimal bone workload is a range, not a single value, influenced by individual factors.
Prepubertal athletes benefit from low-repetition, high-magnitude, multidirectional loads to build skeletal robustness.
Mature athletes require sensible training progression, especially in intensity, to balance performance gains and minimize bone damage.

Conclusions:

Preventing BSIs involves understanding and managing the "error" in bone loading through tailored workload prescriptions.
Avoiding premature sports specialization is crucial for developing resilient skeletons in young athletes.
Individualized monitoring and potentially future tissue-level load assessment are vital for effective BSI management and prevention.