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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

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The compatibility of immunolabeling with STR profiling.

Nihad Achetib1, Angela van Weert1, Magdalena Birkl1

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Forensic Science International. Genetics
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Immunolabeling enhances fingermark quality for forensic evidence. This study confirms that STR profiling is possible after immunolabeling, even on aged prints, with methanol fixation yielding the most alleles.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Immunolabeling is a novel technique to improve fingermark visualization and evidential value.
  • The impact of immunolabeling on subsequent DNA analysis, specifically short tandem repeat (STR) profiling, remains uninvestigated.
  • Washing steps in immunolabeling may potentially reduce DNA quantity, raising concerns for DNA recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of performing STR profiling on immunolabeled fingermarks.
  • To evaluate the influence of different fixatives (methanol, formaldehyde, UMFIX) on DNA recovery and STR profile quality.
  • To determine if immunolabeling affects DNA analysis of both fresh and aged fingermarks on various forensic substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Fingermarks were deposited on glass, metal, and tile substrates.
  • Samples were fixed using methanol, formaldehyde, or UMFIX.
  • Immunolabeling was performed, followed by direct PCR amplification for STR profiling.
  • STR profiles were analyzed after four days and four weeks to assess DNA stability.

Main Results:

  • Successful STR profile recovery was achieved for all tested fixatives.
  • Methanol fixation resulted in the highest mean number of detected alleles.
  • Immunolabeling was feasible on aged fingermarks (4 weeks) with only a non-significant decrease in detected alleles.
  • DNA was recoverable from all tested substrates, with glass yielding the highest mean allele count, followed by metal and tile.

Conclusions:

  • Immunolabeling is compatible with subsequent STR profiling for fingermark analysis.
  • Methanol appears to be a suitable fixative for preserving DNA quality after immunolabeling.
  • The technique is viable for both fresh and aged fingermarks across relevant forensic surfaces.