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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

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Pathogenic helper T cells.

Kiyoshi Hirahara1, Ami Aoki2, Toshinori Nakayama3

  • 1Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; AMED-PRIME, AMED, Chiba, Japan.

Allergology International : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology
|February 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogenic T helper cells in peripheral tissues drive chronic inflammatory diseases. Understanding their distinct characteristics and mechanisms is key to developing new treatments for autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and allergic conditions.

Keywords:
AllergyFibrosisMemory pathogenic T cellsTissue resident memory T cellsiBALT

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
  • Tissue Fibrosis

Background:

  • Chronic inflammatory diseases result from immune system dysfunction.
  • Precise cellular and molecular mechanisms of these diseases remain unclear.
  • Previous focus on T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell balance is insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding pathogenic T helper cells.
  • To discuss their characteristics, mode of action, and regulatory mechanisms.
  • To clarify the pathogenesis of intractable chronic inflammatory diseases, especially those involving tissue fibrosis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of infiltrating cells in inflammatory lesions (mice and humans).
  • Identification of pathogenic T helper cells at the memory T-cell stage.
  • Review of current literature on pathogenic T helper cell characteristics and mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Pathogenic T helper cells with distinct characteristics are generated in peripheral tissues.
  • These cells emerge at the memory T-cell stage.
  • Their role in various inflammatory diseases, including those with fibrosis, is highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogenic T helper cells are crucial players in the pathogenesis of intractable chronic inflammatory diseases.
  • Further research into their specific mechanisms is needed.
  • This understanding may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for immune-mediated diseases.