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Area of Science:

  • Allergology and Immunology
  • Sex and Gender in Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Biological sex and gender identity influence health, impacting disease prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Allergic diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), atopic dermatitis (AD), and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) exhibit varying prevalences and risk factors influenced by sex and gender.
  • While boys show higher allergy rates in childhood, a lifelong female predominance emerges post-puberty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the impact of biological sex and gender identity on the prevalence and risk factors of allergic diseases.
  • To highlight the need for incorporating gender-related aspects into allergological diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • To underscore the scarcity of sex- and gender-specific data beyond adolescence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex, gender, and allergic diseases.
  • Analysis of prevalence data and risk factors across different age groups and sexes.
  • Discussion of potential influencing factors such as sexual hormones, lifestyle, microbiota, diet, occupation, and treatment adherence.

Main Results:

  • Allergic diseases show different prevalences and risk factors in infancy, with a shift towards female predominance during sexual development.
  • Factors like sexual hormones, lifestyle, diet, and treatment adherence contribute to sex- and gender-based differences in allergy prevalence.
  • Current research on sex- and gender-specific aspects of allergies in adults and beyond age 14 is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Sex and gender are critical parameters for diagnostic and therapeutic stratification in allergology, alongside molecular, genetic, and epigenetic factors.
  • Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind sex- and gender-based prevalence differences in allergies.
  • Additional research on allergic multimorbidity, particularly in adult populations across diverse ethnicities, is essential.