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Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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Storm types in India: linking rainfall duration, spatial extent and intensity.

Vincent Moron1, Renaud Barbero2, Hayley J Fowler3

  • 1Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll. de France, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|March 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Short, intense wet events (WEs) dominate India

Keywords:
convectionextreme rainfallwet events

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology and Meteorology
  • Hydrology
  • Extreme Weather Events

Background:

  • Wet events (WEs) are crucial for understanding rainfall patterns and their impacts.
  • India experiences a wide range of rainfall variability, influenced by monsoons and local convective systems.
  • Analyzing the characteristics of WEs is essential for assessing flash flood risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify and characterize local-scale wet events (WEs) across India.
  • To investigate the diurnal and spatial patterns of different WE types.
  • To analyze long-term trends in WE frequency and intensity, particularly in relation to climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized hourly rainfall data from 64 Indian gauging stations (1969-2016).
  • Clustered WEs into six canonical profiles (CanWE) based on duration, intensity, and diurnal phase.
  • Employed IMERG gridded rainfall data to assess the spatial extent of different CanWEs.
  • Conducted trend analysis on June-September canonical WEs.

Main Results:

  • Over 90% of WEs are short (≤5 hours), contributing significantly to total rainfall.
  • Six canonical WEs (CanWE) were identified, with CanWE#1 and #2 being brief and light.
  • Intense, short-duration WEs (CanWE#3, #5) are linked to thunderstorms and peak in the afternoon.
  • Longer, lighter WEs (CanWE#4, #6) are associated with larger systems and are less diurnal.
  • CanWE#3 and #5 show an increasing frequency trend, consistent with global warming predictions.

Conclusions:

  • Short-duration, intense rainfall events are prevalent in India.
  • Distinct storm profiles (CanWE) provide insights into different convective processes.
  • The observed increase in convective storm types (CanWE#3, #5) suggests a potential rise in flash flood risks.
  • Findings align with climate change expectations and highlight the need for updated flood risk assessments.