Semantic Clustering During Verbal List Learning Is Associated With Employment Status in a Community Sample

The ability to learn and remember verbal information is highly relevant to many work roles and environments, but we know little about the underlying cognitive mechanisms of those associations. This study examined the hypothesis that unemployment is associated with decreased spontaneous use of higher-order encoding strategies deployed during list learning and recall. Participants were 120 employed and 59 unemployed community-dwelling adults who completed the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) as part of a broader neuropsychological assessment. Standardized measures of semantic, serial, and subjective clustering were generated from the CVLT-II. After adjusting for data-driven covariates, a significant interaction emerged between employment status and clustering strategy, whereby participants in the employed group exhibited significantly higher scores on semantic clustering, but not serial or subjective clustering, than the unemployed group. The semantic clustering slope score was higher among the employed group and was positively associated with executive functions and declarative memory. These findings suggest that higher-order semantic organizational strategies during supraspan list learning may be relevant to maintaining gainful employment (e.g., mentally organizing work-related instructions and task lists). Future studies might examine semantic clustering in relation to employment changes and work performance, as well as the potential benefit of metacognitive interventions for learning and employment success.