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Related Concept Videos

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Tight Junctions

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Tight junctions are molecular seals between cells that prevent the leaking of fluids, ions, and other small solutes across cavities and compartments in multicellular organisms. They are mainly composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins, and other proteins such as tricellulin and JAM (junctional adhesion molecule). All these proteins are 4-pass transmembrane proteins, except JAM, which is a single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable membranes that regulate the passage of biological molecules. Additionally, the cell membrane defines a cell’s shape and interactions with the external environment. Eukaryotic cell membranes also serve to compartmentalize the internal space into organelles, including the endomembrane structures of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and...
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A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries...
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High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells
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Sealing holes in cellular membranes.

Yan Zhen1,2, Maja Radulovic1,2, Marina Vietri1,2

  • 1Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

The EMBO Journal
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PubMed
Summary

Eukaryotic cells maintain membrane integrity through specialized mechanisms during organelle formation and in response to damage. This review covers cellular strategies like ESCRT-mediated scission, vesicle patching, and endocytosis for membrane repair.

Keywords:
ESCRTautophagyendocytosislysosomemembrane repair

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Membrane Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cellular compartmentalization by membranes is vital for eukaryotic cell function.
  • Double membranes of organelles like nuclear envelopes and autophagosomes require sealing during biogenesis.
  • Cellular membranes face threats from pathogens, chemicals, radiation, inflammation, and mechanical stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cellular mechanisms that maintain membrane integrity.
  • To explore how cells manage membrane sealing during organelle biogenesis.
  • To examine cellular repair processes following membrane injury.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cellular membrane maintenance and repair mechanisms.
  • Analysis of membrane scission processes.
  • Examination of vesicle patching and endocytosis in membrane restoration.

Main Results:

  • Eukaryotic cells possess evolved mechanisms to ensure membrane integrity.
  • The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) plays a role in membrane scission.
  • Vesicle patching and endocytosis are key cellular repair strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular membrane integrity is crucial and maintained through diverse biogenesis and repair pathways.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into cell viability and response to stress.
  • ESCRT, vesicle patching, and endocytosis are critical for membrane homeostasis.