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Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview01:20

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Rational drug product design integrates knowledge of the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation components, manufacturing techniques, and intended route of administration. Each factor influences the drug’s performance, including how it is released, absorbed, and eliminated in the body.The physicochemical properties of a drug—such as solubility, stability, and particle size—affect its compatibility with excipients and the choice of dosage form. Excipients, though...
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Physiological models in pharmacokinetics are instrumental in understanding the distribution and elimination of drugs within the body. These models describe the drug concentration within target organs, influenced by factors such as drug uptake, tissue volume, and blood flow. Drug uptake is governed by the partition coefficient, which signifies the drug concentration ratio in tissue to that in the blood. The blood flow rate to a specific tissue is expressed as Qt, and the rate of change in tissue...
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Design and effect of performance-based pharmacy payment models.

Benjamin Y Urick1, Shweta Pathak1, Tamera D Hughes1

  • 1Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

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|March 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Community pharmacies face financial burdens and frustration with performance-based payment models (PBPPMs). Pharmacy owners desire more control and input in PBPPM design to improve engagement and outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Health Economics
  • Healthcare Management

Background:

  • Community pharmacy involvement in performance-based payment models (PBPPMs) is growing.
  • Limited research exists on the impact of PBPPMs on healthcare quality and spending.
  • There is a lack of comprehensive literature on the design of these financial models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify measures used in PBPPMs.
  • To assess the financial impact of PBPPMs on community pharmacies.
  • To explore pharmacy owners' perceptions and practice changes in response to PBPPMs.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study surveyed independent community pharmacy owners from November 2019 to January 2020.
  • The survey comprised 45 items across five sections, including respondent characteristics and study objectives.
  • Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of free-text responses were employed.

Main Results:

  • A significant majority (90%) of pharmacy owners felt performance standards were beyond their control and reported revenue loss.
  • Most owners lacked sufficient information on performance measure computation (76.7%) and cut-point determination (86.7%).
  • Despite negative perceptions, most owners implemented practice changes due to PBPPMs.

Conclusions:

  • PBPPMs are prevalent and impose a considerable financial strain on community pharmacies.
  • Enhanced education from payers and pharmacy involvement in PBPPM design could improve pharmacist engagement.
  • Addressing owner concerns regarding control and transparency is crucial for effective PBPPM implementation.