Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

34.9K
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
34.9K
Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

113
Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
113
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

131
The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
131
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

131
Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
131
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

18.6K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
18.6K
Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

108
The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
108

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Erratum for Tao et al., "Synergistic Antibacterial Effect and Mechanism of Allicin and an Enterobacter cloacae Bacteriophage".

Microbiology spectrum·2023
Same author

A novel algorithm for small object detection based on YOLOv4.

PeerJ. Computer science·2023
Same author

Image classification model based on large kernel attention mechanism and relative position self-attention mechanism.

PeerJ. Computer science·2023
Same author

Pt<sup>II</sup>(C^N)(N-donor ligand)Cl-type complexes showing highly sensitive aggregation-induced phosphorescence emission (AIPE) behavior fulfilled by long-size ligands and a distorted molecular configuration.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2023
Same author

An extra-chelator-free fenton process assisted by electrocatalytic-induced in-situ pollutant carboxylation for target refractory organic efficient treatment in chemical-industrial wastewater.

Environmental research·2023
Same author

Factors Associated with Primary Care Provider's Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in China: A Machine Learning-Based Random Forest Analysis.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

939

Social distance modulates outcome processing when comparing abilities with others.

Siqi Liu1, Xinmu Hu1, Xiaoqin Mai1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.

Psychophysiology
|March 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Social distance impacts social comparison. Comparing abilities with strangers increases attention, while comparing with friends affects self-outcomes more, especially in early processing stages.

Keywords:
ERPsFRNP300outcome evaluationsocial comparisonsocial distance

More Related Videos

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats
06:17

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

Published on: October 17, 2019

5.1K
Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
07:01

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Published on: March 1, 2019

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

939
A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats
06:17

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

Published on: October 17, 2019

5.1K
Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
07:01

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Published on: March 1, 2019

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Social comparison is a fundamental human behavior for self-evaluation.
  • The degree of social distance can significantly alter social comparison processes and their neural underpinnings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how social distance influences the temporal dynamics of outcome processing during ability-based social comparison.
  • To examine the neural correlates of social comparison using event-related potentials (ERPs).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) to measure brain activity.
  • Participants performed a dot estimation task, comparing their performance with that of a friend and a stranger.
  • Analyzed specific ERP components including N1, feedback-related negativity (FRN), and P300.

Main Results:

  • Social distance modulated ERPs: N1 and P300 amplitudes were larger for stranger comparisons, indicating greater attention.
  • Feedback-related negativity (FRN) was more negative for friend comparisons, suggesting sensitivity to close social feedback.
  • The FRN's response to self-outcomes was influenced by friends' outcomes but not strangers', highlighting closer social impact.

Conclusions:

  • Social distance differentially affects outcome processing at various neural stages.
  • Early automatic and later controlled processing stages show heightened attention towards stranger outcomes.
  • Semi-automatic processing is more influenced by comparison targets at closer social distances, particularly regarding self-evaluation.