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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

3.4K
The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

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VATS parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Manuel España1, Ignacio Sastre1, Roberto Jorge Ceballos1

  • 1Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.

Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery : MMCTS
|March 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mediastinal ectopic parathyroid glands are rare. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery offers a minimally invasive, effective treatment option, improving patient outcomes and aesthetics compared to traditional median sternotomies.

Keywords:
HypercalcemiaHyperparathyroidismParathyroidectomyPrimary hyperparathyroidismVATS

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Endocrinology
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures

Background:

  • Mediastinal ectopic parathyroid glands are rare occurrences.
  • Traditional surgical management involved median sternotomy, leading to significant postoperative morbidity and poor cosmetic outcomes.

Observation:

  • Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has emerged as a viable alternative for resecting these lesions.
  • Advanced imaging techniques, including CT and SPECT, aid in precise lesion localization.

Findings:

  • VATS provides comparable surgical and oncological results to conventional open surgery.
  • This minimally invasive approach reduces patient recovery time and improves aesthetic results.

Implications:

  • VATS is becoming the preferred treatment for mediastinal ectopic parathyroid glands.
  • Improved diagnostic accuracy and minimally invasive techniques enhance patient care and surgical success rates.