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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Published on: December 9, 2013

Sex-based differences in severity and mortality in COVID-19.

Mustafa Alwani^1,2, Aksam Yassin^1,3,4, Raed M Al-Zoubi^1,5

¹Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Reviews in Medical Virology

|March 1, 2021

Summary

Men experience more severe outcomes and higher mortality from COVID-19, a trend seen in other viral infections. Understanding these sex differences in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is crucial for developing targeted treatments.

Keywords:

COVID-19 dimorphism sex

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Area of Science:

* Epidemiology
* Infectious Diseases
* Sex Differences in Health

Background:

* The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, exhibits a notable male bias in disease severity and mortality.
* This observation aligns with patterns seen in previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV) and other viral infections.
* Understanding sex-based disparities is critical for public health responses.

Purpose of the Study:

* To analyze sex-disaggregated epidemiological data for COVID-19.
* To explore potential biological and behavioral factors contributing to sexual dimorphism in COVID-19 outcomes.
* To inform strategies for risk stratification and therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

* Review and synthesis of published epidemiological studies reporting COVID-19 outcomes by sex.
* Analysis of sex-disaggregated data on infection rates, disease severity, and mortality.
* Discussion of potential underlying biological mechanisms and societal factors.

Main Results:

* Consistent evidence shows higher rates of severe COVID-19 illness and death among males compared to females.
* Data indicates significant sex-based differences in various epidemiological parameters of the pandemic.
* Potential contributing factors include hormonal differences, genetic predispositions, and behavioral patterns.

Conclusions:

* The male predominance in COVID-19 severity and mortality is a significant epidemiological finding.
* Further research into the biological and social determinants of these sex differences is warranted.
* Findings can guide the development of sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies for COVID-19.