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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization
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Setting guidelines for co-occurring nanoparticles in water medium.

Tanushree Parsai1, Arun Kumar1

  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.

The Science of the Total Environment
|March 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new framework, mixNanohealthrisk, assesses nanoparticle (NP) health risks in water. It calculates safe exposure limits for co-occurring NPs, identifying CuO, ZnO, and TiO2 as top risks globally.

Keywords:
GuidelineInteractionMixtureNanoparticleRisk

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly prevalent in aquatic environments.
  • Assessing health risks of co-occurring NPs requires integrated exposure and toxicity data.
  • Existing risk assessment frameworks often overlook NP interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel framework (mixNanohealthrisk) for evaluating health risks of co-occurring NPs in water.
  • To establish reference dose (RfD) and maximum allowable concentration (MAC) values for various NPs.
  • To identify high-risk NPs and geographical regions based on co-occurrence and toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review to establish the novelty of the framework.
  • Calculation of RfD values for SiO2, CeO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CNT, C60, ZnO, and CuO NPs.
  • Incorporation of NP interaction effects on environmental occurrence and toxicological impacts.
  • Risk Quotient (RQ) and Hazard Index (HI) calculations for exposure dose estimation.

Main Results:

  • RfD values for CuO, ZnO, and TiO2 NPs were determined as 0.1, 0.12, and 0.19 mg/kg/d, respectively.
  • MAC values for CuO, ZnO, and TiO2 NPs were calculated as 70.8, 84.4, and 136 mg/L.
  • The USA, Switzerland, and Europe were identified as regions with the highest risk quotients.
  • Ag, TiO2, and CuO NPs exhibited the lowest MAC values when NP-interaction data was used.

Conclusions:

  • The mixNanohealthrisk framework provides a novel approach to assess health risks of mixed NPs in water.
  • Identified high-risk NPs (CuO, ZnO, TiO2) and regions necessitate targeted monitoring and risk management strategies.
  • The study's findings can inform the development of guideline concentrations for NPs in aquatic environments.