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Related Concept Videos

Gene Flow02:39

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles
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Selective constraints on global plankton dispersal.

Ben A Ward1, B B Cael2, Sinead Collins3

  • 1Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, SO14 3ZH Southampton, United Kingdom; b.a.ward@soton.ac.uk.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 2, 2021
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Marine microbial communities are shaped by dispersal and selection. Our model shows dispersal barriers are key to marine biodiversity and community structure, even with high adaptation rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbial ecology
  • Population genetics
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Marine microbial communities are complex ecosystems influenced by ecological drift, natural selection, and dispersal.
  • The balance of these forces dictates ecosystem responses to environmental changes and influences biodiversity.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting how marine life evolves and reorganizes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay of dispersal, selection, and adaptive evolution in marine environments.
  • To examine the effects of these forces on community assembly and global biogeography.
  • To model the impact of environmental selection on global dispersal patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a globally resolved population-genetic ocean model.
  • Simulation of varying rates of dispersal, selection, and adaptation.
  • Analysis of community assembly and biogeographic patterns.

Main Results:

  • Environmental selection significantly constrains global dispersal, even with high adaptation rates.
  • Altering the balance of dispersal, selection, and adaptation profoundly impacts community assembly.
  • Barriers to dispersal are identified as critical factors in structuring marine communities.

Conclusions:

  • Dispersal limitations play a crucial role in maintaining marine biodiversity.
  • Local historical contingencies are important in the organization of marine populations.
  • The findings highlight the significance of dispersal barriers in shaping global marine biogeography.