Considering sex as a biological variable will require a global shift in science culture

Area of Science:

• Behavioral neuroscience
• Cellular neuroscience
• Systems neuroscience

Background:

• Male rodents are the default model organism in preclinical neuroscience research.
• This convention may contribute to misdiagnosis and adverse drug effects in women.
• Current incentive structures and accountability mechanisms hinder sex-inclusive research.

Purpose of the Study:

• Highlight fundamental sex differences in neuroscience.
• Advocate for the inclusion of both sexes in research.
• Promote a more equitable and translational body of knowledge.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on sex differences in neuroscience.
• Analysis of incentive structures in scientific publishing and career advancement.
• Examination of funding agency directives and accountability.

Main Results:

• Fundamental sex differences identified across behavioral, cellular, and systems neuroscience.
• Lack of accountability in funding directives for sex inclusion.
• Deterrents to sex-inclusive research in publishing and career advancement.

Conclusions:

• Rigorous scientific research necessitates the inclusion of both males and females.
• A cultural and structural shift is needed in research conduct and evaluation.
• Realigning reward systems and standards will improve scientific equity and translational outcomes.