Persistent organic pollution in Antarctic marine biota: Level, transport and risk assessment

Although the Antarctic is considered as a pristine region away from human pollution, traditional and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), have been constantly detected in the Antarctic, which received global concerns. POPs are persistent and toxic, prone to accumulate in organisms and further pose environmental risks. In order to understand their biogeochemical processes as well as impacts on organisms in the Antarctic, we summarized the research status of POPs in different trophic levels in the Antarctic marine, combining their living habits. We also proposed the future research directions of POPs in the vulnerable Antarctic ecosystem. Researches showed that the Antar-ctic was the region under the lowest pollution level all over the world. However, the types of POPs in Antarctic marine organisms were increasing in the past decades, meaning the area was affected increasingly by the activities inside and/or outside of this area. Scattered research data and different techniques hamper red the elucidation about the mechanism of POPs transport along the food chain. It is urgent to establish long-term monitoring and assessment program on POPs dynamics of Antarctic marine ecosystem.