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A Review of the State of the Science of HIV and Stigma: Context, Conceptualization, Measurement, Interventions, Gaps,
Michael V Relf1, William L Holzemer, Lauren Holt
1Michael V. Relf, PhD, RN, AACRN, ACNS-BC, CNE, ANEF, FAAN, is Associate Dean for Global and Community Health Affairs, Duke University School of Nursing, and Associate Research Professor, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA. William L. Holzemer, PhD, RN, FAAN, is Distinguished Professor and Dean Emeritus, Rutgers University School of Nursing, Newark, New Brunswick, & Blackwood, New Jersey, USA. Lauren Holt, MSN, RN, is a PhD Student, Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Laura Nyblade, PhD, is Fellow and Senior Technical Advisor, Stigma and Discrimination, Research Triangle International, Washington, DC, USA. Courtney Ellis Caiola, PhD, MPH, RN, CNE, is Assistant Professor, East Carolina University, College of Nursing, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
Abstract:
Stigma is a fundamental cause of health inequities. As such, stigma is a major barrier to HIV prevention, care, and treatment. This review will examine the concept of stigma, explicating the mechanisms of action of HIV-related stigma while also examining intersectional stigma and structural stigma. Instruments to measure HIV-related stigma and its mechanisms of action, as well as stigma enacted and experienced by HIV health care providers, will also be reviewed. This article will conclude with a review of stigma interventions, gaps in the literature, and priorities for future HIV, intersectional, and structural stigma research.
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