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Related Concept Videos

Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing
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Addressing the Pandemic Training Deficiency: Filling the Void with Simulation in Facial Reconstruction.

Shiayin F Yang1,2, Allison Powell3, Sudharsan Srinivasan3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.

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|March 3, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel 3D printed facial flap simulator significantly improved surgical trainee expertise in facial reconstruction techniques. This high-fidelity model offers a realistic and effective alternative for surgical education, especially when traditional training is disrupted.

Keywords:
COVID-19Facial reconstructionMohs reconstructionmedical educationsurgical simulation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Simulation
  • Surgical Education
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Traditional surgical training methods face challenges, particularly during global health crises.
  • There is a need for innovative, high-fidelity simulation tools in surgical education.
  • Facial reconstruction requires specialized skills that benefit from realistic practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a three-dimensional (3D) printed, multilayer facial flap model for trainee education.
  • To assess the model's effectiveness as an alternative method for teaching facial reconstruction surgical techniques.
  • To compare the 3D simulator's educational impact against traditional methods.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D facial flap simulator was designed from CT scans and manufactured using silicone.
  • Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery trainees participated in a cohort study, with one group using the simulator and a control group using a paper exercise.
  • Pre- and post-exercise surveys measured expertise, understanding, effectiveness, and realism.

Main Results:

  • Trainees using the 3D facial flap simulator showed statistically significant improvements in facial flap procedures, design, and deformity excision.
  • The control group using traditional methods did not demonstrate significant improvements.
  • The simulator group reported higher levels of expertise and skill acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D printed facial flap simulator is an effective and realistic training tool for surgical education in facial reconstruction.
  • Simulation models can supplement traditional surgical training, offering valuable practice opportunities.
  • This approach is particularly relevant for maintaining surgical education continuity during disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic.