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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

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The Novel Coronavirus and Inflammation.

J A George1, E S Mayne2

  • 1Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Severe COVID-19 involves a cytokine storm, leading to leukocyte activation and tissue damage. This review explores using these inflammatory mediators for diagnosis, patient grouping, and identifying new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
BiomarkerCOVID-19Cytokine stormInflammationPandemicSARS-CoV-2Therapeutic target

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a global pandemic.
  • Severe COVID-19 is linked to a "cytokine storm," characterized by excessive pro-inflammatory mediators.
  • This storm causes pathological leukocyte activation and tissue damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of inflammatory mediators in severe COVID-19.
  • To explore their potential applications in clinical practice.
  • To identify novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of inflammatory mediators and leukocyte activation in severe COVID-19.
  • Examination of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications.

Main Results:

  • High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators are key features of severe COVID-19.
  • These mediators correlate with leukocyte activation and tissue injury.
  • Specific inflammatory markers show potential for patient stratification and prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammatory mediators in severe COVID-19 are crucial for understanding disease progression.
  • These mediators offer potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Targeting these inflammatory pathways presents opportunities for novel drug development.