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Related Concept Videos

Vibrating Concrete01:19

Vibrating Concrete

251
Mechanical vibrators are instrumental in compacting newly poured concrete within formwork and around reinforcements. This process is essential to eliminate trapped air pockets and establish a dense concrete mass. One widely used method is vibrating by internal vibrators, often referred to as a poker vibrator or immersion vibrator. It is rapidly inserted through the full depth of the freshly laid concrete and slightly extends into the layer below it (which remains in a plastic state). Consistent...
251
Vebe Test01:22

Vebe Test

320
The Vebe test is a method used to measure the workability of concrete, particularly effective for dry concrete mixes. This test employs a specific apparatus that includes a cylindrical chamber, a standard slump cone, and a transparent disc-shaped rider, all mounted on a vibrating table. The cylindrical chamber has dimensions of nine and a half inches in diameter and eight inches in height.
To conduct the test, concrete is placed into the slump cone. The concrete is filled in layers and...
320
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

315
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
315
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

338
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
338
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

301
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
301
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

324
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
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Investigation on cement-improved phyllite based on the vertical vibration compaction method.

Yingjun Jiang1, Jiangtao Fan1, Yong Yi1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, China.

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Improving weathered phyllite for road construction is feasible. Adding cement significantly enhances its mechanical properties, making it suitable as subgrade filler, especially for highly weathered phyllite.

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Highly weathered phyllite often requires improvement for use as subgrade filler in road construction.
  • Traditional methods may not fully address the mechanical deficiencies of weathered phyllite.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of cement content, compactness, and compaction methods on the mechanical properties of phyllite.
  • To evaluate the feasibility of improving highly weathered phyllite for subgrade filler applications.

Main Methods:

  • Phyllite specimens with varying weathering degrees were prepared using vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM), heavy compaction, and static pressure methods.
  • Mechanical properties, including unconfined compressive strength (Rc) and modulus of resilience (Ec), were evaluated.
  • Test roads were constructed to demonstrate the practical application of the improved phyllite.

Main Results:

  • Unweathered phyllite is suitable as subgrade filler.
  • Increasing compactness alone does not suffice for highly weathered phyllite.
  • Cement content and compactness linearly enhance Rc and Ec. Rc and Ec increase by at least 15% and 17% per 1% cement, and 10% and 6% per 1% compactness, respectively.
  • Higher weathering degrees yield greater mechanical property improvements.

Conclusions:

  • Cement treatment effectively improves the mechanical properties of weathered phyllite.
  • The improvement is more pronounced in phyllite with a higher degree of weathering.
  • The technology is feasible for practical application in expressway construction.