Proteogenomics of glioblastoma associates molecular patterns with survival

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma, with poor prognosis exhibited by most patients, and a median survival time of less than 2 years. We assemble a cohort of 87 GBM patients whose survival ranges from less than 3 months and up to 10 years and perform both high-resolution mass spectrometry proteomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Integrative analysis of protein expression, RNA expression, and patient clinical information enables us to identify specific immune, metabolic, and developmental processes associated with survival as well as determine whether they are shared between expression layers or are layer specific. Our analyses reveal a stronger association between proteomic profiles and survival and identify unique protein-based classification, distinct from the established RNA-based classification. By integrating published single-cell RNA-seq data, we find a connection between subpopulations of GBM tumors and survival. Overall, our findings establish proteomic heterogeneity in GBM as a gateway to understanding poor survival.