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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

499
Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
499
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

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Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
2.6K
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

14.1K
This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
14.1K
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

78
A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

7.6K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

28.2K

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
28.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
12:07

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

Published on: November 22, 2014

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COVID-19: A methyl-group assault?

Andrew McCaddon1, Björn Regland2

  • 1Gardden Road Surgery, Rhosllanerchrugog Wrexham, LL14 2EN, UK.

Medical Hypotheses
|March 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-COVID symptoms may stem from increased methyl-group needs due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, impacting one-carbon metabolism. Vitamin B12 and folate status testing could confirm this, potentially leading to beneficial methyl-group support.

Keywords:
COVID-19CoronavirusFolic acidFormateN6-methyladenosine (m6A)SerineVitamin B(12)

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An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C
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An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

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Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
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Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

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An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • COVID-19 has severe socio-economic impacts, with 'long-COVID' causing significant morbidity.
  • Long-COVID presents diverse symptoms similar to vitamin B12 deficiency, which impairs methylation.
  • Compromised methylation is linked to disruptions in one-carbon metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a mechanism linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to increased methyl-group requirements.
  • To suggest that these metabolic disturbances may explain long-COVID symptoms.
  • To explore the potential applicability of this hypothesis to other conditions like myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a hypothesis requiring evaluation through specific biochemical tests.
  • Key indicators include vitamin B12 and folate status.
  • Further analysis involves measuring serum formate, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, and RNA methylation.

Main Results:

  • The abstract presents a hypothesis, not experimental results.
  • The proposed mechanism suggests SARS-CoV-2 infection increases methyl-group demand.
  • This could lead to one-carbon metabolism disturbances manifesting as long-COVID symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • The hypothesis posits that SARS-CoV-2 infection disrupts one-carbon metabolism, increasing methyl-group requirements.
  • This disruption may underlie the varied symptoms observed in long-COVID.
  • If validated, methyl-group supplementation could be a therapeutic strategy for long-COVID and similar syndromes.