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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure

Published on: February 12, 2018

A robotically assisted 3D printed quality assurance lung phantom for Calypso.

Dante P I Capaldi¹, Lawrie B Skinner¹, Piotr Dubrowski¹

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.

Physics in Medicine and Biology

|March 3, 2021

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A new robotic phantom was developed to accurately test the Calypso system for lung cancer radiation therapy. This quality assurance tool improves accuracy for real-time tumor tracking during treatment.

Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Radiation Oncology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Respiratory motion significantly impacts radiation dose delivery to thoracic and upper-abdominal tumors.
Current quality assurance (QA) phantoms for internal surrogate motion tracking systems like Calypso are limited for lung applications.
This limitation necessitates the development of specialized QA solutions to meet AAPM TG142 testing requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and develop a novel 3D-printed motion phantom for evaluating the Calypso system in lung cancer radiotherapy.
The phantom aims to simulate true lung motion by allowing Calypso beacons to move in multiple directions.
This addresses the need for specialized QA tools for lung-based Calypso applications.

Main Methods:

Keywords:

3D printing Calypso motion management quality assurance robotics

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure

Published on: February 12, 2018

Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue

Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue

Published on: January 11, 2020

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

Published on: November 11, 2020

A 3D-printed phantom with three independent arms for Calypso transponders was designed and constructed.

A 4-axis robotic arm simulated respiratory motion, guided by a four-dimensional CT (4DCT) scan.

Treatment plans were delivered to assess dosimetric accuracy and temporal accuracy of the Calypso system during simulated breathing.

Main Results:

Dosimetric accuracy was found to be within 2%, meeting TG142 tolerances.
Temporal accuracy for beam-on was greater than the 100 ms TG142 tolerance.
Temporal accuracy for beam-hold was less than the 100 ms TG142 tolerance.

Conclusions:

The developed robotic QA phantom provides a dedicated solution for Calypso system testing in lung radiotherapy.
This phantom facilitates commissioning and acceptance testing, enhancing the reliability of Calypso for lung treatments.
It enables more accurate evaluation of motion management strategies in radiation oncology.