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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

404
Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia
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Non-obstructive azoospermia: current and future perspectives.

Tharu Tharakan1,2, Rong Luo1, Channa N Jayasena1

  • 1Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Faculty Reviews
|March 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a severe male infertility cause. Modern treatments, including advanced technologies, offer hope for biological fatherhood and highlight associated health risks.

Keywords:
Male infertilityartificial intelligenceazoospermiageneticssperm retrieval

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Urology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Infertility impacts 1 in 6 couples, with male factors in 50% of cases.
  • Azoospermia, the absence of sperm, is the most severe form of male infertility.
  • Historically considered sterile, men with azoospermia can now father children via advanced reproductive technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review contemporary management strategies for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA).
  • To discuss the role of various factors in NOA diagnosis and treatment.
  • To highlight the increased health risks associated with NOA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on NOA management.
  • Discussion of hormone stimulation therapy, surgical, and embryological factors.
  • Exploration of novel technologies like proteomics, genomics, and AI in NOA.

Main Results:

  • NOA management has advanced significantly, offering new possibilities for fertility.
  • Hormonal, surgical, and technological advancements improve diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes.
  • Men with NOA have a higher risk of cancer and cardiovascular comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Contemporary management of NOA has evolved, improving fertility outcomes.
  • Novel technologies are crucial for advancing NOA diagnosis and treatment.
  • Recognizing and managing associated health risks in men with NOA is essential.