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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

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Recent advances in understanding RNA polymerase II structure and function.

Daniel Reines1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Faculty Reviews
|March 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances reveal new insights into RNA polymerase II transcription. Novel technologies and intrinsically disordered proteins illuminate the regulation and structure of this key enzyme and its accessory factors in eukaryotic gene expression.

Keywords:
RNA polymerase IIburstingchromatincondensateelongationlow complexitytermination

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA polymerase II transcribes most eukaryotic genes.
  • Its structure and regulation are complex and involve numerous accessory proteins.
  • Understanding transcription is crucial for gene expression studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent findings on RNA polymerase II structure and regulation.
  • To discuss the role of new technologies in advancing transcription research.
  • To explore the impact of intrinsically disordered proteins in transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy for structural analysis.
  • Advanced biophysical methods for single-molecule observation.
  • Characterization of initiation, elongation, and chromatin factors.

Main Results:

  • New structures of RNA polymerase II and accessory factors have been resolved.
  • Single-molecule studies offer dynamic insights into polymerase behavior.
  • Novel properties of initiation and elongation factors, and chromatin proteins, have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • Intrinsically disordered protein regions play a key role in dynamic regulation and nuclear subcompartmentalization.
  • These findings enhance our understanding of mRNA synthesis pathways.
  • Recent discoveries provide a resolved view of RNA polymerase II and its supporting factors.