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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Recent advances in understanding cholangiocarcinoma
Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior1,2, Mansi Arora1,3, James M Bogenberger1,3
1Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Abstract:
The definition of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) encompasses all tumors originating in the epithelium of the bile ducts, including the intrahepatic bile ducts (ICCA) and extrahepatic bile ducts (ECCA). The incidence of ICCA and ECCA has increased in the last few decades, and molecular advances in both entities have brought understanding of their differences and allowed treatment advances aimed at personalized therapy. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the molecular landscape of CCAs, emerging treatment biomarker-guided strategies, and future insights into the management of advanced disease.
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