[Neuroendorine paraneoplastic syndromes]

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Dermatology
• Oncology

Background:

• Neuroendocrine paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) frequently involve the skin due to hormone receptor expression.
• Cutaneous manifestations can serve as early indicators of underlying neuroendocrine tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the clinical features, pathophysiology, and diagnostic/therapeutic approaches for neuroendocrine PNS with skin involvement.
• To highlight the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in managing these complex cases.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of clinical features and pathophysiology of neuroendocrine PNS affecting the skin.
• Summary of diagnostic steps and therapeutic options.
• Discussion of differential diagnoses for skin manifestations.

Main Results:

• Specific skin signs associated with acromegaly (cutis verticis gyrata), Cushing syndrome (striae distensae), carcinoid tumors (flushing), serotonin-secreting tumors (fibrosis), androgen-secreting tumors (acne, hirsutism), and glucagonoma (necrolytic migratory erythema) are described.
• Pathophysiology, including hormonal and receptor-mediated mechanisms, is elucidated.
• Differential diagnoses and diagnostic pathways are outlined.

Conclusions:

• Skin manifestations are crucial for the early detection of neuroendocrine PNS.
• Understanding the pathophysiology guides diagnosis and treatment.
• Effective management requires a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach.