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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sharpless Epoxidation02:57

Sharpless Epoxidation

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The conversion of allylic alcohols into epoxides using the chiral catalyst was discovered by K. Barry Sharpless and is known as Sharpless epoxidation. The use of a chiral catalyst enables the formation of one enantiomer of the product in excess. This chiral catalyst is mainly a chiral complex of titanium tetraisopropoxide and tartrate ester (specific stereoisomer). The stereoisomer used in the chiral catalyst dictates the formation of the enantiomer of the product. In other words, the use of...
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7.0K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
7.0K
Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

8.2K
Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
8.2K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

6.6K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber
09:46

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

Published on: November 18, 2018

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Decrease in sulfate aerosol light backscattering by reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols.

C Dubois1, D Cholleton2, R Gemayel1

  • 1Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France. matthieu.riva@ircelyon.univ-lyon1.fr.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|March 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organic compounds reacting with sulfate aerosol decrease its light backscattering. This finding is crucial for accurately modeling the climate impact of aerosols and understanding Earth

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Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor
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Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber
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Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor
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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Aerosol Science
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Sulfate aerosol causes Earth's atmospheric cooling by backscattering light.
  • Atmospheric multiphase chemistry involves reactions between sulfate aerosol and isoprene epoxydiols, forming organic compounds.
  • These organic compounds can alter the optical properties of sulfate aerosols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how organic compounds formed from isoprene epoxydiols affect sulfate aerosol light backscattering.
  • To quantify the changes in light backscattering due to the presence of these organic compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols on sulfate aerosol.
  • Mie core-shell light backscattering numerical simulations were used to analyze the observed optical property changes.
  • The complex optical refractive index was considered to explain the reduction in backscattered light.

Main Results:

  • Reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols reduced sulfate aerosol light backscattering by up to -12% at 355 nm and -21% at 532 nm.
  • The observed decrease in backscattered light intensity was explained by considering the complex optical refractive index.
  • The formation of organic compounds on sulfate aerosol modifies its radiative properties.

Conclusions:

  • Organic compounds significantly alter the light backscattering efficiency of sulfate aerosols.
  • These findings are essential for improving climate models by accurately quantifying the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosols.
  • Understanding these interactions helps resolve the impact of aerosols on Earth's climate.