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External Anatomy of the Kidney

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...

Nephrons

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses

Published on: March 30, 2015

Macroscopic fat containing renal cell carcinoma.

Maria Kirkinis¹, Tom Sutherland^1,2

¹Department of Medical Imaging, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology

|March 5, 2021

Summary

Macroscopic fat in renal masses typically indicates benign angiomyolipoma. However, two cases of renal cell carcinoma presented with fat, challenging this diagnostic rule and altering clinical approaches for such lesions.

Keywords:

AML abdomen macroscopic fat renal cell carcinoma urinary tract imaging

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Published on: February 8, 2020

Area of Science:

Urology
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Macroscopic fat in renal masses is historically pathognomonic for angiomyolipoma, a benign tumor.
This presentation details two atypical cases that challenge this established diagnostic axiom.

Discussion:

The first case was initially considered for angioembolisation but was later biopsied due to being angiographically occult.
The second case exhibited a small macroscopic fat component and arterial enhancement, necessitating a biopsy.
Neither case showed calcifications, which often suggest a more malignant lesion.

Key Insights:

Both atypical renal masses were diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma.
These findings highlight that macroscopic fat does not exclusively indicate benign angiomyolipoma.

Outlook:

The multidisciplinary approach to managing renal masses with macroscopic fat and no calcifications has been revised.
Further investigation is warranted for renal masses with atypical fat components.