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Halogens03:01

Halogens

22.0K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

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Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

40.7K
The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
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Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects
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Fluoridation of HfO2.

Steven Flynn1, Chi Zhang2, Kent J Griffith1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.

Inorganic Chemistry
|March 5, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored new hafnium oxyfluoride phases using fluoridation agents like ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2). The NH4HF2 method offers a selective and low-temperature route to novel hafnium materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Hafnium dioxide (HfO2) is a crucial material in microelectronics.
  • Developing new hafnium-based materials with tailored properties is of significant interest.
  • Solid-state fluoridation offers a pathway to synthesize novel hafnium oxyfluorides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fluoridation of HfO2 using common solid-state agents.
  • To identify and characterize new hafnium oxyfluoride phases.
  • To compare the efficacy of different fluoridation routes.

Main Methods:

  • Fluoridation of HfO2 using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2).
  • Characterization of reaction products using Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction (XRD), 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and elemental analysis.
  • Thermodynamic calculations to elucidate reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Distinct, previously unreported hafnium oxyfluoride phases were synthesized.
  • Ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2) reacted readily in air, yielding phase-pure material.
  • The NH4HF2 route demonstrated greater selectivity and lower reaction temperatures compared to HfF4 hydrolysis.
  • The synthesized material is analogous to known Zr-O-F phases with anion-deficient α-UO3 structures.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state fluoridation of HfO2 can produce novel hafnium oxyfluoride phases.
  • NH4HF2 is an effective reagent for selective and low-temperature synthesis of hafnium oxyfluorides.
  • The findings contribute to the understanding of hafnium-oxygen-fluorine systems and material synthesis.