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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
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Joints01:26

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Movement Joints in Buildings01:27

Movement Joints in Buildings

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Movement joints in buildings are essential design elements that accommodate inevitable motions caused by various factors such as temperature changes, moisture content variations, and structural deflections. These motions, if not considered in design and construction, can lead to unsightly or dangerous damage. Movement joints are incorporated in different forms to manage these stresses and allow materials to move without causing distress.
The simplest type of movement joints, working joints, are...
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Deconstructing and reconstructing joint hypermobility on an evo-devo perspective.

Marco Castori1

  • 1Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
|March 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Joint hypermobility, encompassing hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD), presents as a complex trait. Understanding its aetiopathogenesis requires exploring phenotypic variability within normal morphological traits.

Keywords:
hypermobility spectrum disordersintegrationjoint hypermobilitymorphologyvariational module

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Area of Science:

  • Human Morphology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Joint hypermobility is common and linked to musculoskeletal issues, forming a spectrum including hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD).
  • hEDS is defined by specific criteria, while HSD serves as a diagnosis for those not meeting hEDS criteria.
  • The underlying causes (aetiopathogenesis) of this spectrum remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the aetiopathogenesis of the joint hypermobility spectrum.
  • To interpret the spectrum as a complex trait influenced by the integration model.
  • To investigate the interplay of genetic, developmental, functional, and environmental factors in phenotypic variability.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis based on the integration model.
  • Examination of phenotypic variability in relation to normal morphological traits.
  • Consideration of evolutionary biology principles regarding trait co-variation.

Main Results:

  • The joint hypermobility spectrum may be understood as a complex trait.
  • Phenotypic variability in the spectrum likely arises from the co-variation of underlying continuous traits.
  • Multiple interacting forces (genetic, developmental, functional, environmental) may drive this integration.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of phenotypic variability, superimposed on normal morphological variation, is key to resolving the aetiopathogenesis of the joint hypermobility spectrum.
  • The spectrum's characteristics, including sex bias and clinical variability, suggest complex underlying mechanisms beyond simple Mendelian or hormonal explanations.
  • Further research into the integration of various factors is needed to elucidate the causes of hEDS and HSD.