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Related Concept Videos

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Long-Lasting Cognitive Abnormalities after COVID-19.

Roberta Ferrucci1,2,3, Michelangelo Dini1,2,3, Elisabetta Groppo2

  • 1Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.

Brain Sciences
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive deficits, including impaired processing speed and verbal memory, are common in COVID-19 survivors months after hospital discharge. These long-term cognitive issues can impact daily life and work performance.

Keywords:
COVID-19acute respiratory distress syndromecognitionprocessing speed

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) can cause neurological complications.
  • Brain alterations and cognitive dysfunction are potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of cognitive abnormalities in patients hospitalized for COVID-19, approximately 5 months post-discharge.
  • To explore correlations between hospitalization parameters and cognitive outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Neuropsychological testing was performed on 38 patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
  • Data collected included processing speed, verbal memory, and hospitalization parameters like oxygenation levels and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • 42.1% of patients exhibited processing speed deficits, and 26.3% showed delayed verbal recall deficits.
  • Lower P/F ratio and SpO2 levels during hospitalization correlated with poorer verbal memory performance.
  • History of ARDS during hospitalization was significantly associated with worse verbal memory outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive abnormalities are frequent in COVID-19 survivors months after hospital discharge.
  • Deficits in processing speed and verbal memory can persist, potentially affecting daily functioning and work.
  • Hypoxemia and ARDS during acute illness may be linked to long-term cognitive impairment in COVID-19 patients.