Nanostructure of Porous Si and Anodic SiO₂ Surface Passivation for Improved Efficiency Porous Si Solar Cells

The photovoltaic effect in the anodic formation of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) on porous silicon (PS) surfaces was investigated toward developing a potential passivation technique to achieve high efficiency nanostructured Si solar cells. The PS layers were prepared by electrochemical anodization in hydrofluoric acid (HF) containing electrolyte. An anodic SiO₂ layer was formed on the PS surface via a bottom-up anodization mechanism in HCl/H₂O solution at room temperature. The thickness of the oxide layer for surface passivation was precisely controlled by adjusting the anodizing current density and the passivation time, for optimal oxidation on the PS layer while maintaining its original nanostructure. HRTEM characterization of the microstructure of the PS layer confirms an atomic lattice matching at the PS/Si interface. The dependence of photovoltaic performance, series resistance, and shunt resistance on passivation time was examined. Due to sufficient passivation on the PS surface, a sample with anodization duration of 30 s achieved the best conversion efficiency of 10.7%. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) indicate a significant decrease in reflectivity due to the PS anti-reflection property and indicate superior performance due to SiO₂ surface passivation. In conclusion, the surface of PS solar cells could be successfully passivated by electrochemical anodization.