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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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TIGIT/CD226 Axis Regulates Anti-Tumor Immunity.

Jinah Yeo1, Minkyung Ko1, Dong-Hee Lee2

  • 1Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

New cancer immunotherapies targeting TIGIT offer hope beyond PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Combination therapies with anti-TIGIT antibodies show promise in treating lung cancer by enhancing immune responses.

Keywords:
CD226PVRTIGITcancer immunotherapyimmune checkpoint blockade

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Tumors evade immune surveillance through immunosuppressive pathways, notably inhibitory receptors on T cells.
  • Current immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 benefit only a subset of cancer patients.
  • There is a critical need for novel therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains (TIGIT) and CD226 in cancer immunotherapy.
  • To explore the potential of TIGIT and CD226 as targets for novel cancer treatments.
  • To discuss the role of TIGIT in combination therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent discoveries on TIGIT and CD226.
  • Analysis of TIGIT's role as an inhibitory checkpoint receptor on T and natural killer cells.
  • Discussion of CD226's opposing stimulatory function and shared ligands with TIGIT.

Main Results:

  • TIGIT acts as an inhibitory receptor, dampening adaptive and innate immunity.
  • CD226 competes with TIGIT for ligand binding, providing a stimulatory signal.
  • Anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (tiragolumab) combined with anti-PD-L1 shows clinical efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer.

Conclusions:

  • TIGIT represents a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, potentially overcoming limitations of current treatments.
  • Combination strategies involving TIGIT blockade, such as with anti-PD-L1, are advancing to clinical trials.
  • Understanding the interplay between TIGIT and CD226 is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies.